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Arendt celebrates revolution for enabling collective action and participatory politics, notably through council democracy—spontaneous, horizontal decision-making bodies. However, she also notes a paradox: revolutions seek to institutionalize freedom (e.g., through constitutions), but in doing so, they risk undermining the very freedom that created them. The main critique presented is that Arendt excludes the “Social Question” (poverty, labor, economic needs) from the political sphere. She argues that freedom requires freedom from necessity, meaning those struggling with basic survival are supposedly unfit for political participation. This creates a formal but materially exclusionary equality. Critics like Margaret Canovan warn that Arendt’s councils would thus be dominated by the privileged. The author argues that this exclusion not only misreads historical revolutionary councils but also weakens the inclusivity and radical potential of council democracy, ultimately contradicting Arendt’s own goal of preserving freedom."}]},{"@type":"bf:Note","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"deu","@value":"Der Text beschäftigt sich mit Hannah Arendts Schrift Über die Revolution und ihrem Verständnis von Revolution als Inbegriff politischer Freiheit. Für Arendt entsteht in Revolutionen ein Raum für gemeinsames Handeln und Weltaufbau, insbesondere durch Rätedemokratie – spontane, basisdemokratische Entscheidungsgremien. Ein Paradoxon besteht jedoch darin, dass Revolutionen Freiheit durch Institutionen wie Verfassungen sichern wollen, was die ursprüngliche Freiheit wieder gefährdet. Die zentrale Kritik Nitzladers richtet sich auf Arendts Ausschluss der „sozialen Frage“ (Armut, Arbeit, materielle Not) aus dem Politischen. Sie vertritt die Auffassung, dass Freiheit die Abwesenheit von Not voraussetze – wodurch viele Menschen von vornherein ausgeschlossen werden. Kritiker*innen wie Margaret Canovan zeigen, dass Arendts Räte so zu Arenen der Privilegierten würden. Die Autorin argumentiert, dass diese Haltung nicht nur historisch ungenau ist, sondern auch die inklusive und radikale Kraft der Rätedemokratie untergräbt. Indem Arendt soziale und ökonomische Themen ausgrenzt, schafft sie eine formal universelle, aber materiell ausschließende Gleichheit – und gefährdet letztlich die Freiheit, die sie bewahren will."}]},{"@type":"phaidra:Remark","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"deu","@value":"Master Thesis, The New School for Social Research, Department of Politics, 2025"}]}],"dce:subject":[{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"deu","@value":"Hannah Arendt"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"deu","@value":"Amerikanische Revolution"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"deu","@value":"Französische Revolution"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"deu","@value":"Das Politische"}]},{"@type":"skos:Concept","skos:prefLabel":[{"@language":"deu","@value":"Das 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